Monday, January 30, 2023

One-way street - Walter Benjamin

సహజంగా ప్రోజ్ పీసెస్ లాంటివి రాసినప్పుడు కూడా రచయితలు వచనంలో ఒక ఏదో ఒక ఉమ్మడి అంశాన్ని ప్రధానంగా చేసుకుని రాయడం చూస్తుంటాం. రాసినవి చిన్న చిన్న పేరాగ్రాఫులైనా కూడా వాటిక్కూడా ఎంతోకొంత ఆకార స్వరూపాలుంటాయి. అవి ఒక ప్రాంతమో, భావోద్వేగమో, తత్వమో, హేతువో, శాస్త్రమో ఇలా ఏదైనా  కావచ్చు. కానీ మల్లెచెండులో పువ్వుల్ని తెంపేసి ఇష్టం వచ్చినట్లు వెదజల్లేసినట్లుండే వచనం రాయడంలో సిద్ధహస్తులు జర్మన్ తత్వవేత్త, సాంస్కృతిక విమర్శకులు వాల్టర్ బెంజమిన్. మునుపు కూడా ఆయన రచనలతో పరిచయం ఉంది కాబట్టి ఇదేదో అనువాద సమస్య మాత్రమే కావచ్చనిపించలేదు.

Image Courtesy Google

ఈ విషయంలో వాల్టర్ బెంజమిన్ అభిమాని సుసాన్ సోంటాగ్ వచనం కూడా పొందిగ్గా రాసిన ఉత్తరాన్ని చింపి పీలికలు చేసిపారేసి తిరిగి అతికించినట్లు ఉండటంలో వింతేమీ లేదు. కాల్పనిక ప్రపంచపు దారితెన్నులు అంత సుస్పష్టంగా తెల్సిన ఇలాంటివాళ్ళు సృజన విషయంలో మాత్రం ఎందుకు విఫలమవుతారా అనిపించేది. దానికి కారణం వారి తీక్షణమైన హేతువాద తాత్విక దృక్కోణమేననిపిస్తుంది. ఆ హేతువాదపు తీవ్రత "వన్ వే స్ట్రీట్" లాంటి రచనల్లో మరింత స్పష్టంగా కనిపిస్తుంది.

ఆలోచనల ప్రవాహానికి అడ్డుకట్ట వేసి, వాక్యాలకు దిశానిర్దేశం చెయ్యడంలో, వాక్యనిర్మాణాన్ని క్రమబద్దీకరించడంలో బెంజమిన్ వైఫల్యం పలు వ్యాసాల్లో సుస్పష్టం. ఎటొచ్చీ ఈ పుస్తకంలో ఆ వైఫల్యం పాళ్ళు కాస్త ఎక్కువయ్యాయనిపించింది. ఈ పుస్తకంలో వచనానికి బెకెట్ ఫిక్షన్ కూ "form" విషయంలో అనేక సారూప్యతలున్నాయి. ఇందులో వచనం కూడా నిరాకారమైనది (Formless). ఒక దారివెంట ప్రయాణించే వ్యక్తి ఆ దారిలో కంటికి కనిపించిన విషయాలకు తన వ్యక్తిగత దృక్కోణంతో బాటు హేతువాద, రాజకీయ, సామజిక, సాంస్కృతిక అధ్యయనాలను జోడించి విశ్లేషణలు చేసి రాస్తే ఇటువంటి ఒక పుస్తకం తయారవుతుంది. ఇందులో ప్రస్తావించిన అనేక రాజకీయ సాంస్కృతిక అంశాల్లో పాఠకులు ఐడెంటిఫై చేసుకోగల విశ్వజనీనత లోపించడం వల్ల ఈ రచనను పాఠకులు "own" చేసుకోవడం ఒకింత కష్టం.

కానీ ఈ పుస్తకం కూడా మునుపు చదివిన బెంజమిన్ పుస్తకాలూ, వ్యాసాలూ చదివినట్లే ఆసక్తికరంగా ఉంటుందని అపోహపడ్డ నాకు తీవ్ర నిరాశే ఎదురైంది. మునుపు చదివిన NYRB ప్రచురణ "ది స్టోరీ టెల్లర్ ఎస్సేస్" లో సాహితీ వ్యాసాలు సింహభాగం కావడం వల్ల అది ఎంతో నచ్చింది. ఈ రచనలో  కలగూరగంపలా విభిన్న అంశాలను కలిపి రాశారు. ఏదేమైనా, రాసేది చిన్న వ్యాసమైనా కూడా పాఠకుల చేత చదివించే గుణం ఉండాలి. అది ఇందులో పూర్తిగా శూన్యం. బెంజమిన్ తన ఆలోచనలకు అక్షర రూపమిచ్చే క్రమంలో అర్భక పాఠకులను ఏమాత్రం దృష్టిలో పెట్టుకున్నట్లు అనిపించదు. నిజానికి పాఠకులపై కొద్దిపాటి గౌరవం కూడా ఉన్నట్లనిపించదు. ఇక చదివేవాళ్ళ సంగతి అటుంచితే, కొన్ని కొన్ని చోట్ల "మీరు ఏం చెప్పాలనుకుంటున్నారో మీకైనా అర్థమవుతుందా సారూ ? " అని నిలబెట్టి అడిగి కడిగెయ్యాలనిపిస్తుంది. :) ఈ రచన ఆయన సాహితీ ప్రతిభకు (Literary Virtuoso) మచ్చు తునక అనేవాళ్ళ పట్ల కూడా కాస్త అపనమ్మకం కలుగుతుంది. "మీ 'లిటరరీ మెరిట్' తూనిక రాళ్ళేవో మాలాంటి అజ్ఞానులకి ఓసారి చూపించరూ ?" అని ప్రాథేయపడాలనిపిస్తుంది. కొన్నేళ్ళ క్రితం బెకెట్ "వెయిటింగ్ ఫర్ గోడోట్" చదివి బుర్రగోక్కున్న చందంగానే ఉంది ఈ రచన కూడా. మళ్ళీ ఏమన్నా అంటే ఈ రచయితలందరూ, "రసపట్టులో తర్కం కూడదంటారు." పుస్తకం మొదట్నుంచీ చివరి వరకూ పొల్లుపోకుండా ఓపిగ్గా చదవడం పూర్తి చేశాక కూడా, ఇంతకూ ఏం చదివాను అనుకుంటే, చెల్లాచెదురుగా విసిరిపడేసిన భావాలను ఏరుకోవడంతోనే సరిపోయింది. వాటిని మాలగా గుదిగుచ్చడం కూడా వృథా ప్రయత్నమే. 

నిజానికి ఆయన ఈ పుస్తకం మధ్యలో పాఠకులకు చెప్పీ చెప్పనట్లు ఒక హెచ్చరిక జారీ చేస్తారు. అదేమిటంటే,

"A witty Frenchman has said: “A German seldom understands himself. If he has once understood himself, he will not say so. If he says so, he will not make himself understood.”

పుస్తకం చదవడం పూర్తి చేశాక, ఆ ఫ్రెంచ్ మాన్ ఎవరో గానీ నిజంగా దేవుడు అనుకోకుండా ఉండలేం. :) 

నాకు అర్థంకాని ప్రతీదాన్నీ ద్వేషించే అలవాటు నాకు లేదు కాబట్టి, బెకెట్ శైలి కూడా కొంతకాలానికి అర్థమైనట్లే ఈ బెంజమిన్ రచనలో కూడా నా అవగాహనకు మించిన కొన్ని అంశాలను మరికొంతకాలం తరువాత మరోసారి చదవవలసిన అవసరం ఉందని అనుకుంటూ, హ్యాపీ రీడింగ్. :) 

పుస్తకం నుండి ఏరుకున్న బెంజమిన్ మార్కు తర్కంలో నాకు నచ్చిన కొన్ని వాక్యాలు,

Construction Site :

It is folly to brood pedantically over the production of objects—visual aids, toys, or books—that are supposed to be suitable for children. Since the Enlightenment, this has been one of the mustiest speculations of the pedagogues. Their infatuation with psychology keeps them from perceiving that the world is full of the most unrivaled objects for children’s attention and use. And the most specific. For children are particularly fond of haunting any site where things are being visibly worked on. They are irresistibly drawn by the detritus generated by building, gardening, housework, tailoring, or carpentry. In waste products they recognize the face that the world of things turns directly and solely to them. In using these things, they do not so much imitate the works of adults as bring together, in the artifact produced in play, materials of widely differing kinds in a new, intuitive relationship. Children thus produce their own small world of things within the greater one. The norms of this small world must be kept in mind if one wishes to create things specially for children, rather than let one’s adult activity, through its requisites and instruments, find its own way to them.

Ministry of the Interior :

The more antagonistic a person is toward the traditional order, the more inexorably he will subject his private life to the norms that he wishes to elevate as legislators of a future society. It is as if these laws, nowhere yet realized, placed him under obligation to enact them in advance, at least in the confines of his own existence. In contrast, the man who knows himself to be in accord with the most ancient heritage of his class or nation will sometimes bring his private life into ostentatious contrast to the maxims that he unrelentingly asserts in public, secretly approving his own behavior, without the slightest qualms, as the most conclusive proof of the unshakable authority of the principles he puts on display. Thus are distinguished the types of the anarcho-socialist and the conservative politician.

Flag …How much more easily the leave-taker is loved! For the flame burns more purely for those vanishing in the distance, fueled by the fleeting scrap of material waving from the ship or railway window. Separation penetrates the disappearing person like a pigment and steeps him in gentle radiance.

Noble indifference to the spheres of wealth and poverty has quite forsaken manufactured things. Each thing stamps its owner, leaving him only the choice of appearing a starveling or a racketeer. For although even true luxury can be permeated by intellect and conviviality and so forgotten, the luxury goods swaggering before us now parade such brazen solidity that all the mind’s shafts break harmlessly on their surface.

Caution: Steps :

Work on good prose has three steps: a musical stage when it is composed, an architectonic one when it is built, and a textile one when it is woven.

అయినా పుస్తకాలను కేటలాగ్ లాగా రాయడమేంటి స్వామీ !!! సాహిత్యంలో మనం హిస్టారికల్ రికార్డు రాయడం లేదేమో కదా !!! ఆ పని "చరిత్రకారులకు" వదిలేద్దాం.

The typical work of modern scholarship is intended to be read like a catalogue. But when shall we actually write books like catalogues? If the deficient content were thus to determine the outward form, an excellent piece of writing would result, in which the value of opinions would be marked without their being thereby put on sale.

రచయితల టెక్నిక్ కు 13 ప్రతిపాదనలు : 

I.  Anyone intending to embark on a major work should be lenient with himself and, having completed a stint, deny himself nothing that will not prejudice the next.

II.  Talk about what you have written, by all means, but do not read from it while the work is in progress. Every gratification procured in this way will slacken your tempo. If this regime is followed, the growing desire to communicate will become in the end a motor for completion.

III.  In your working conditions, avoid everyday mediocrity. Semi-relaxation, to a background of insipid sounds, is degrading. On the other hand, accompaniment by an étude or a cacophony of voices can become as significant for work as the perceptible silence of the night. If the latter sharpens the inner ear, the former acts as touchstone for a diction ample enough to bury even the most wayward sounds.

IV.  Avoid haphazard writing materials. A pedantic adherence to certain papers, pens, inks is beneficial. No luxury, but an abundance of these utensils is indispensable.

V.  Let no thought pass incognito, and keep your notebook as strictly as the authorities keep their register of aliens.

VI.  Keep your pen aloof from inspiration, which it will then attract with magnetic power. The more circumspectly you delay writing down an idea, the more maturely developed it will be on surrendering itself. Speech conquers thought, but writing commands it.

VII.  Never stop writing because you have run out of ideas. Literary honor requires that one break off only at an appointed moment (a mealtime, a meeting) or at the end of the work.

VIII.  Fill the lacunae in your inspiration by tidily copying out what you have already written. Intuition will awaken in the process.

IX.  Nulla dies sine linea7—but there may well be weeks.

X.  Consider no work perfect over which you have not once sat from evening to broad daylight.

XI.  Do not write the conclusion of a work in your familiar study. You would not find the necessary courage there.

XII.  Stages of composition: idea—style—writing. The value of the fair copy is that in producing it you confine attention to calligraphy. The idea kills inspiration; style fetters the idea; writing pays off style.

XIII.  The work is the death mask of its conception.

విమర్శకుల టెక్నిక్ కు 13 ప్రతిపాదనలు :

THE CRITIC’S TECHNIQUE IN THIRTEEN THESES

I.  The critic is the strategist in the literary struggle.

II.  He who cannot take sides must keep silent.

III.  The critic has nothing in common with the interpreter of past cultural epochs.

IV.  Criticism must speak the language of artists. For the concepts of the cénacle are slogans. And only in slogans is the battle-cry heard.

V.  “Objectivity” must always be sacrificed to partisanship, if the cause fought for merits this.

VI.  Criticism is a moral question. If Goethe misjudged Hölderlin and Kleist, Beethoven and Jean Paul,8 his morality and not his artistic discernment was at fault.

VII.  For the critic, his colleagues are the higher authority. Not the public. Still less, posterity.

VIII.  Posterity forgets or acclaims. Only the critic judges in the presence of the author.

IX.  Polemics mean to destroy a book using a few of its sentences. The less it has been studied, the better. Only he who can destroy can criticize.

X.  Genuine polemics approach a book as lovingly as a cannibal spices a baby.

XI.  Artistic enthusiasm is alien to the critic. In his hand, the artwork is the shining sword in the battle of minds.

XII.  The art of the critic in a nutshell: to coin slogans without betraying ideas. The slogans of an inadequate criticism peddle ideas to fashion.

XIII.  The public must always be proved wrong, yet always feel represented by the critic.

[The tight-folded book, virginal still, awaiting the sacrifice that bloodied the red edges of earlier volumes; the insertion of a weapon, or paper-knife, to effect the taking of possession.]

—Stéphane Mallarmé

 పుస్తకాల గురించి ఇటువంటి పోలిక మునుపు ముందూ వినలేదు. :)

Books and harlots: both have their type of man, who lives off them as well as harasses them. In the case of books, critics.

Books and harlots: “Old hypocrites—young whores.” How many books that were once notorious now serve as instruction for youth!

ప్రేమ గురించి అవీ, ఇవీ :

Pocket diary.—Few things are more characteristic of the Nordic man than that, when in love, he must above all and at all costs be alone with himself—must first contemplate, enjoy his feeling in solitude—before going to the woman to declare it.

To be happy is to be able to become aware of oneself without fright.

Relief.—One is with the woman one loves, speaks with her. Then, weeks or months later, separated from her, one thinks again of what was talked of then. And now the motif seems banal, tawdry, shallow, and one realizes that it was she alone, bending low over it with love, who shaded and sheltered it before us, so that the thought was alive in all its folds and crevices like a relief. Alone, as now, we see it lie flat, bereft of comfort and shadow, in the light of our knowledge.

Nothing is poorer than a truth expressed as it was thought.

The killing of a criminal can be moral—but never its legitimation.

The only way of knowing a person is to love that person without hope.

Geranium.—Two people who are in love are attached above all else to their names.

Carthusian carnation.—To the lover, the loved one appears always as solitary.

Cactus bloom.—The truly loving person delights in finding the beloved, arguing, in the wrong.

కళారంగంలో "ప్రకటన" (అడ్వర్టైజ్మెమెంట్) ప్రాతిపదికన జరుగుతున్న  వ్యాపారంలో "విమర్శ" స్థానాన్ని వివరిస్తూ,

Fools lament the decay of criticism. For its day is long past. Criticism is a matter of correct distancing. It was at home in a world where perspectives and prospects counted and where it was still possible to adopt a standpoint.

Now things press too urgently on human society. The “unclouded,” “innocent” eye has become a lie, perhaps the whole naive mode of expression sheer incompetence. Today the most real, mercantile gaze into the heart of things is the advertisement. It tears down the stage upon which contemplation moved, and all but hits us between the eyes with things as a car, growing to gigantic proportions, careens at us out of a film screen.

And just as the film does not present furniture and façades in completed forms for critical inspection, their insistent, jerky nearness alone being sensational, the genuine advertisement hurls things at us with the tempo of a good film. Thereby “matter-of-factness” is finally dispatched, and in the face of the huge images spread across the walls of houses, where toothpaste and cosmetics lie handy for giants, sentimentality is restored to health and liberated in American style, just as people whom nothing moves or touches any longer are taught to cry again by films. For the man in the street, however, it is money that affects him in this way, brings him into perceived contact with things. And the paid reviewer, manipulating paintings in the dealer’s exhibition room, knows more important if not better things about them than the art lover viewing them in the gallery window.

What, in the end, makes advertisements so superior to criticism? Not what the moving red neon sign says—but the fiery pool reflecting it in the asphalt.

ఈ పుస్తకంలో ప్రచురణకర్తకూ, రచయితకూ మధ్య జరిగే ఈ సంభాషణ 'కళ' పట్ల బెంజమిన్ భావాలను వెల్లడి చేస్తాయి.

Publisher: My expectations have been most rudely disappointed. Your work makes no impression on the public; you do not have the slightest drawing power. And I have spared no expense. I have incurred advertising costs.—You know how highly I think of you, despite all this. But you cannot hold it against me if even I now have to listen to my commercial conscience. If there is anyone who does what he can for authors, I am he. But, after all, I also have a wife and children to look after. I do not mean, of course, that I hold you accountable for the losses of the past years. But a bitter feeling of disappointment will remain. I regret that I am at present absolutely unable to support you further.

Author: Sir, why did you become a publisher? We shall have the answer by return mail. But permit me to say one thing in advance. I figure in your records as number 27. You have published five of my books; in other words, you have put your money five times on number 27. I am sorry that number 27 did not prove a winner. Incidentally, you took only coupled bets. Only because I come next to your lucky number 28.—Now you know why you became a publisher. You might just as well have entered an honest profession, like your esteemed father. But never a thought for the morrow—such is youth. Continue to indulge your habits. But avoid posing as an honest businessman. Don’t feign innocence when you’ve gambled everything away; don’t talk about your eight-hour workday, or your nights, when you hardly get any rest. “Truth and fidelity before all else, my child.” And don’t start making scenes with your numbers! Otherwise you’ll be thrown out.

1 comment:

  1. Walter Benjamin did not write his articles from the perspective of rationalism. He was influenced intellectual traditions such as neo-Kantianism, Surrealism, Lukacscian Marxism which were very influential in early twentieth century Europe and went beyond them. There are many works which explain Benjamin's perspective. One among them is Walter Benjamin and the Antinomies of Tradition by John McCole.

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